In parallel, the rapidly growing field of optomechanical and electromechanical systems has shown promising potential for applications in quantum information processing and communication, in particular for microwave to optical conversion 19, 20 and amplification 21. Many recent theoretical and experimental efforts have been devoted to overcome these limitations both in the optical 6, 7, 8 and microwave regimes 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. Commercial circulators can therefore not be integrated on-chip causing additional losses and forming a major roadblock towards a fully integrated quantum processor based on superconducting qubits. Due to the design principle their size is at least on the order of the wavelength and during manufacturing they need to be tuned and optimized one by one. State-of-the-art passive microwave circulators are based on magneto-optic effects that require sizable magnetic fields 4, 5, incompatible with ultra-low loss superconducting circuits. In circuit quantum electrodynamics 3 circulators are used for single-port coupling or as isolators to protect the vulnerable cavity and qubit states from electromagnetic noise and strong parametric amplifier drive tones. More generally, circulators can be used to realize chiral networks 2 in systems where directional matter-light coupling is not easily accessible. Nonreciprocal devices are quintessential tools to suppress spurious modes, interferences and unwanted signal paths 1. With a high dynamic range, a tunable bandwidth of up to 30 MHz and an in situ reconfigurability as beam splitter or wavelength converter, it could pave the way for superconducting qubit processors with multiplexed on-chip signal processing and readout. The presented circulator is compact, its silicon-on-insulator platform is compatible with both superconducting qubits and silicon photonics, and its noise performance is close to the quantum limit. Directional circulation is achieved with controlled phase-sensitive interference of six distinct electro-mechanical signal conversion paths. Here we demonstrate an on-chip magnetic-free circulator based on reservoir-engineered electromechanic interactions. Mathematically they require breaking of time-reversal symmetry, typically achieved using magnetic materials and more recently using the quantum Hall effect, parametric permittivity modulation or Josephson nonlinearities. Nonreciprocal circuit elements form an integral part of modern measurement and communication systems.
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